A Broadway Dentistry hygienist smiling as she talks with a patient in the chair before a cleaning in Fort Wayne

Causes of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease (gum disease, or periodontitis) is a progressive infection that can lead to tooth loss. Toxins in plaque inflame the gums and deep pockets form between teeth and gums; mild inflammation (gingivitis) is fully reversible if a dentist or periodontist treats it promptly, but left alone it destroys the gums and jawbone, and the bacteria can travel through the bloodstream.

Common causes of gum disease

Both genetic and environmental factors play a part, and preventive measures can often greatly lower the risk. The most common causes:

Schedule an Appointment

Poor dental hygienePrevention starts with good home care, a balanced diet and regular exams, cleanings and x-rays. Bacteria and calculus (tartar) left in place cause gingivitis or periodontitis, and ultimately tooth loss.
Tobacco useSmoking and tobacco use are among the most significant factors. Smokers heal more slowly and are far more likely to have tartar build-up, deep gum pockets and significant bone loss.
Genetic predispositionSome people may be strongly predisposed despite rigorous oral hygiene, and they are far more likely to develop gum disease. Genetic tests can identify them so early intervention can begin.
Pregnancy and menopauseHormonal changes make the gums more sensitive and more prone to disease, so regular brushing and flossing during pregnancy is critical.
Chronic stress and poor dietStress weakens the immune system’s ability to fight infection, and poor diet or malnutrition does the same and harms gum health.
Diabetes and other medical issuesRespiratory disease, heart disease, arthritis and osteoporosis can speed gum disease. Diabetes hinders the body’s use of insulin, making gum infection harder to control.
Grinding teethClenching or grinding, often linked to a “bad bite,” damages the tissue supporting the teeth and can speed existing gum disease.
MedicationOral contraceptives, heart medicines, anti-depressants and steroids can make teeth and gums more susceptible. Steroids promote gum overgrowth, which makes swelling more common and lets bacteria colonize more easily.

A patient talking with a team member in the chair during a dental exam visit at Broadway Dentistry in Fort Wayne

Treatment of gum disease

Periodontists specialize in treating gum disease and placing dental implants. They clean deep pockets with scaling and root planing and can prescribe antibiotic and antifungal medications to stop the infection. After tooth loss, they can perform tissue grafts to regenerate tissue and place implants, and they can recontour the gums to even out a “toothy” smile caused by recession.

Discussing the causes of gum disease with your dentist helps prevent its onset, progression and return. If you have questions about the causes or treatment of gum disease, please contact our office.